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心理学・脳科学/Psychology・Neuroscience 記事/Article

2025/9/14

【心理学】両親の不仲と離婚は子どもの心理に影響するのか?

・離婚すると子どもがかわいそう。 ・離婚は親の問題であって、子どもには関係ない。 ・両親が不仲で子どもが仲裁役になることが多い。 両親のケンカや不仲を仲裁したことがある子どもは多いと思います。 かく言う私も、父親が言うことをプラスに翻訳して母親に伝えていた時期があります。 このように、両親が不仲であったり、両親が離婚したりすると、子どもの心理に影響するのかは謎です。 仲裁する子ども本人は意外に冷静だったりします。 では、心理学で本当のところはどうなのでしょうか? 今回は、心理学のエビデンスをもとに、両親の ...

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study procrastination four factors

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2025/9/13

勉強を先延ばしする人の4つの特徴

・なかなか勉強が手に着かない。 ・特に長期休暇の宿題は最後の一週間にまとめてするタイプ ・勉強や宿題を先延ばししない方法はないの? 先延ばし癖が一度つくと、勉強も仕事も始めるのが遅いです。 その分、時間が足りずに、宿題や仕事が間に合わず怒られる。 そんな経験は誰にでもあります。 そのお困り事は心理学が解決できるかもしれません! 今回の動画で先延ばし癖の人の特徴を知り、それを避けるようにすれば先延ばし癖は直るかもしれません! ぜひ動画をご覧ください。 スポンサーリンク

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attention lifetime peak

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2025/9/10

集中力のピーク年齢はいつ?驚きの事実!

・勉強の集中力が全然続かない。 ・仕事に集中していて気が付けばこんな時間! ・では、集中力がいちばん続くのは何歳なのか? 集中力が続かなくて悩む方は多いです。 しかし、それは年齢によるものかもしれませんし、他に要因があるかもしれません。 今回は、集中力が最も続く年齢はいつなのかを心理学のエビデンスをもとに解説します! 年齢によるものだと知れば、解決策を思いつくかもしれません。 スポンサーリンク

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本・解説/Book・Review 科学/science

The foundation of the behavioral economics.

The column is a set of introductions to the science.

In this article, I raise the topic of the Behavioral Economics because the researcher in this area won the Novel Prize recently.

He is Dr. Richard Thaler.

Reason to the Prize: for his contribution to behavioral economics.

His research area is "Behavioral Economics" in Economics. However, we know economics a little, but not Behavioral Economics so much.

What is behavioral economics ?

Many people do not understand the difference between economics and behavioral economics.

The behavioral economics is so scientific.

I like science ! So, I introduce the behavioral economics.

What is the principle of behavioral economics ?

In order to answer this question, you had better learn the history of behavioral economics. So we go back to the past !

①Rough History

By Ninety fourties, Economics was based on the presupposition that human being were rational creature. Under that, economics succeeded. What is the rationality ? It is like a very reasonable robot that could choose best answer to make their interest highest anytime.

In Ninety Fifties, however, a researcher, his name is Allias, pointed out that the economic theory based on that supposition did not match some behavioral results. In his articles, human did not behave to make the best answer for highest interests, but often to choose the higher interests from a short term.

In 1979, Tversky & Kahneman suggested the Prospective Theory.

There are 4 points in this theory.

1) human did not decide to behave by reference of absolute gains. But, they behave to increase or decrease their relative gains by a set point.

2) human is more serious about a loss than a gain.

3) human has the demining sensibility with gain and loss.

ex) They feel satisfied to gain $200 from $100 compared with $10200 from $10100.

4) This theory is incorporated in the probability weighing(this weighing moves sensibly).

Tversky & Kahneman claimed publicly that humans are not rational creatures.

Dr. Thaler adopt this theory to economics at first time

※In psychology, the prospect theory is only the research which was received the Nobel Prize. In 2002, Kahneman won the Prize.

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②At last, what is behavioral economics ?

・Behavioral Economics did not only change the idea of human beings.

・Researchers in this area did not use simulations, but they conduct experiments. Economics based on the experiments is "Behavioral Economics".

・How do they conduct experiments ?

I think the Ultimate Game is the most popular experiment. I introduce the experiment method below.

◇ Two participants, white is A and Black is B.

◇ a participant(A) is given settled money($20)

◇ A decides the price which A will give B. B knows the A' decision.

◇ B choose if he receive or deny the price A presented. The key point is that if B denies the A' presentation, the residual money A has were confiscated.

◇ If B receives the presentation, B receives the money of the price and A gains the residuals.

・a typical result is below

※In this graph, participants are the receiver.

The possibility that B receives A' presentation.

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③ Interesting Point of behavioral economics

・Some people has a question.

If human is rational, they receive all A' presentation including minimum gain. If B denies, both A and B have no gain.

Human is not a rational creature.

④ The current topic in behavioral economics.

・Neuroscientific method is one of main topic().

The word "Neuroeconomics" exists.

In addition, applying these research, there is "Neuromarketing".

・I introduce basic research, but also applied research are many. Some people are interested in the latter.

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References

Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2017 RICHARD H. THALER: INTEGRATING ECONOMICS WITH PSYCHOLOGY The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel THE. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2017/advanced.html

Gabay et al. (2014) The Ultimatum Game and the brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 47, 549-558

Knoch et al. (2006) Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right prefrontal Cortex, Science, Vol. 314, 829-832

Sanfrey et al. (2003) The Neural Basis of Economic Decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game, Science, Vol. 300, 1755-1758

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-本・解説/Book・Review, 科学/science

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