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心理学・脳科学/Psychology・Neuroscience 記事/Article

2024/3/28

先生との仲の良さが生徒の学校の成績や生活態度に影響する!?

・学校の先生と折り合いがつかない。 ・先生と仲良くして意味はあるのか? ・先生と生徒の関係は大事なのか? 学校の先生とよくケンカする生徒はいますが、逆に学校の先生と仲の良い生徒もいます。 肌間では、学校の先生とケンカする生徒は不良や勉強が苦手な子が多く、逆に先生と仲の良い生徒は勉強ができてお利巧な子が多い印象です。 そもそも学校の先生との関係性が子どもの発達に影響するのか? 実は、勉強成績だけではなく、多方面に影響します。 今回は、心理学の実際の研究をもとに、そんな学校の先生と生徒の関係性が生徒にどのよう ...

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不眠症の症状と特徴

YouTube動画/Movies

2024/3/7

あなたは何個当てはまる? 不眠症になりやすい人の心理学的特徴

・なかなか寝付けない。 ・睡眠の質が低い。 ・寝ても目が覚める。 睡眠でお悩みの方は多いです。 夜に寝るのが遅くなり、朝までぐっすり眠れない…。 それは、実は不眠症と関係しているかもしれません。 今回は、心理学の論文をもとに不眠症になりやすい人の特徴を解説しました。 もし当てはまるものが多ければ、医療機関に相談するのもありです。 睡眠に悩む方にもどうやったら良い睡眠がとれるのか、そのヒントにもなります。 ぜひ下記動画をご覧ください↓ スポンサーリンク

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work-family barance eye

YouTube動画/Movies

2024/2/11

仕事と家族: どっちを優先すれば幸福度が高いか?心理学のアドバイス

・仕事が第一優先だ! ・家族が最優先だ! ・仕事と家族のどっちが大切なの? 社会人は、仕事と家族の両立が求められます。 しかし、なかなか両立することは難しいです。 身近な例だと、家族を優先して育休を取得したのに、育休明けに左遷されたなんて話もあります。 では、仕事と家族のどちらを優先すれば幸福度や生活の質が高くなるのでしょうか? そんな衝撃的な心理学の研究を解説しています。 ぜひご覧いただいて、ご自身の参考にしてみてください! スポンサーリンク

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本・解説/Book・Review 科学/science

The foundation of the behavioral economics.

The column is a set of introductions to the science.

In this article, I raise the topic of the Behavioral Economics because the researcher in this area won the Novel Prize recently.

He is Dr. Richard Thaler.

Reason to the Prize: for his contribution to behavioral economics.

His research area is "Behavioral Economics" in Economics. However, we know economics a little, but not Behavioral Economics so much.

What is behavioral economics ?

Many people do not understand the difference between economics and behavioral economics.

The behavioral economics is so scientific.

I like science ! So, I introduce the behavioral economics.

What is the principle of behavioral economics ?

In order to answer this question, you had better learn the history of behavioral economics. So we go back to the past !

①Rough History

By Ninety fourties, Economics was based on the presupposition that human being were rational creature. Under that, economics succeeded. What is the rationality ? It is like a very reasonable robot that could choose best answer to make their interest highest anytime.

In Ninety Fifties, however, a researcher, his name is Allias, pointed out that the economic theory based on that supposition did not match some behavioral results. In his articles, human did not behave to make the best answer for highest interests, but often to choose the higher interests from a short term.

In 1979, Tversky & Kahneman suggested the Prospective Theory.

There are 4 points in this theory.

1) human did not decide to behave by reference of absolute gains. But, they behave to increase or decrease their relative gains by a set point.

2) human is more serious about a loss than a gain.

3) human has the demining sensibility with gain and loss.

ex) They feel satisfied to gain $200 from $100 compared with $10200 from $10100.

4) This theory is incorporated in the probability weighing(this weighing moves sensibly).

Tversky & Kahneman claimed publicly that humans are not rational creatures.

Dr. Thaler adopt this theory to economics at first time

※In psychology, the prospect theory is only the research which was received the Nobel Prize. In 2002, Kahneman won the Prize.

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②At last, what is behavioral economics ?

・Behavioral Economics did not only change the idea of human beings.

・Researchers in this area did not use simulations, but they conduct experiments. Economics based on the experiments is "Behavioral Economics".

・How do they conduct experiments ?

I think the Ultimate Game is the most popular experiment. I introduce the experiment method below.

◇ Two participants, white is A and Black is B.

◇ a participant(A) is given settled money($20)

◇ A decides the price which A will give B. B knows the A' decision.

◇ B choose if he receive or deny the price A presented. The key point is that if B denies the A' presentation, the residual money A has were confiscated.

◇ If B receives the presentation, B receives the money of the price and A gains the residuals.

・a typical result is below

※In this graph, participants are the receiver.

The possibility that B receives A' presentation.

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③ Interesting Point of behavioral economics

・Some people has a question.

If human is rational, they receive all A' presentation including minimum gain. If B denies, both A and B have no gain.

Human is not a rational creature.

④ The current topic in behavioral economics.

・Neuroscientific method is one of main topic().

The word "Neuroeconomics" exists.

In addition, applying these research, there is "Neuromarketing".

・I introduce basic research, but also applied research are many. Some people are interested in the latter.

心理学・神経科学(脳科学)・精神医学の発展のために寄付をお願いいたします。

Please donate for the development of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry

References

Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2017 RICHARD H. THALER: INTEGRATING ECONOMICS WITH PSYCHOLOGY The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel THE. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2017/advanced.html

Gabay et al. (2014) The Ultimatum Game and the brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 47, 549-558

Knoch et al. (2006) Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right prefrontal Cortex, Science, Vol. 314, 829-832

Sanfrey et al. (2003) The Neural Basis of Economic Decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game, Science, Vol. 300, 1755-1758

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-本・解説/Book・Review, 科学/science

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